第11章 《佃農理論》英語原著 (5)

Onefindsitdifficulttoacceptthesejustificationsastheoriginofthelandreform.Thereisagreatdistancebetweenideologyandpractice.[10]Themakingandenforcingofnewrulesarecostlyevents.Afterall,thesameland"problems"hadbeendiscernedinChinalongbefore1949.[11]Why,then,didthereforminTaiwantakeplaceonlyafterthewar?ThestrikingsimilaritiesofreformregulationsinTaiwan,Japan,Korea,thePhilippines,andelse-where,andthefactthatallstartedbetween1946and1950,maysuggestthatthesereformswerepromptedbythe"influence"oftheUnitedStates.[12]But,thisforeign"influence"couldatbestexplaintherapidityoflandreformsadoptedinAsiaafterthewar.ItisdoubtfulthattheUnitedStatesoriginatedthespecificreformpolicies.Inthehistoricaldevelopmentoflandtenure,wefindthatreformmeasuressimilartothe"Land-to-the-TillerAct"hadbeenintroducedseveraltimes（forshortdurations）inChinabefore1800,andinseveralEuropeancountriesduringthenine-teenthcentury.WhytheytookplaceposesapuzzlewhichIwillnotseektosolveinthisstudy.

[1].SeeChengChen,LandReforminTaiwan（Taipei:ChinaPublishingCo.,1961）,pp.181-292.

[2].SeeHui-sunTang,LandReforminFreeChina（Taipei:Sino-AmericanJointCommissiononRuralReconstruction,1954）,pp.221-23.Itisentitled"RegulationsGoverningtheLeaseofPrivateFarmLandsinTaiwanProvince."In1947,asimilarrentalsharereductionhadbeenattemptedinafewprovincesinmainlandChina.

[3].SeeChen,LandReforminTaiwan,pp.191-97；andTang,LandReforminFreeChina,pp.224-28.Itisentitled"FarmRentReductionAct."TherulesofenforcementwereestablishedonFebruary2,1952.SeeTang,LandReforminFreeChinapp.229-31.

[4].Chen,LandReforminTaiwan,pp.199-212.

[5].SeeSino-AmericanJointCommissiononRuralReconstruction,"JCRRAnnualReportsonLandReformintheRepublicofChina,"positevolume,mimeographed（1965）,chap.3.

[6].ThemostprehensiverecordoftheprovisionsgoverningtheLand-to-the-TillerprogramisseeninChen,LandReforminTaiwan,pp.202-92.Foritsplexityinlegislativedevelopmentandenforcement,seeJCRR,"AnnualReports,"chaps.4and5.

[7].T.H.Lee,"ImpactofLandReformonAgriculturalDevelopmentandRuralEmploymentinTaiwan,"（Taipei:Sino-AmericanJointCommissiononRuralReconstructionmimeographedpaper63-RED-M-176）,pp.1-2.

[8].Thesepointsarefoundin:Yen-tienChang."LandReforminTaiwan,"mimeographedreportno.1（Taichung:DepartmentofAgriculturalEconomics,1954）；ChengChen,AnApproachtoChina'sLandReform（Taipei:ChengChungBookCompany,1951）,chap.1；idemLandReforminFreeChina（Taipei:FreeChinaReview,1953）,chap.1；idemRecordsofTaiwanLandReform（Taipei:ChungHwaBookCompany,1961）,chaps.1and2；HsioCheng,TheTheoryandPracticeofLandReforminChina（Taipei:ChineseResearchInstituteofLandEconomics,1953）；JCRR,"AnnualReports,"chap.1；SidneyKlein,ThePatternofLandTenureReforminEastAsiaafterWorldWarII（NewYork:BookmanAssociates,1958）,chaps.1and3；Lin-FongPun,NewIdeasofChinaLandReform（Taipei:ChungWahCulturalPublishersAssociation,1957）；Tang,LandReforminFreeChina,chaps.1and2；H.S.TangandS.C.Hsieh,"LandReformandAgriculturalDevelopmentinTaiwan,"inLandTenure,IndustrializationandSocialStability:ExperienceandProspectsinAsia,ed.W.Froehlich（Milwaukee:MarquetteUniversityPress,1961）,pp.114-42；andYoung-ChiTsui,"Land-UseImprovement:AKeytotheEconomicDevelopmentofTaiwan,"JournalofFarmEconomics（May,1962）.Noformalanalysisisofferedbyanyofthem.Itisinterestingthattenurewriterseverywhereseemtosharethesameviews.

[9].Seetheprecedingfootnote.

[10].Andinspiteofallclaims,evidencehasyettobefoundthatfarmersdemandedachangeintheexistingsystemofpropertyrights.PeasantuprisingsinmodernChinesehistory,tomyknowledge,haveoccurredonlyinperiodsandlocationsinwhich（1）propertyrightswerehardlyenforced,（2）thetaxationwasallegedlyhigh,or（3）inflation,byraisingtherelativepriceofland,effectedaredistributionofineinfavoroflandowners.

[11].See,forexample,Tang-YuenChen,SystemsofLandTenureinChina（Shanghai:CommercialPress,1932）,chap.18；RoNagamu,AStudyofLandSysteminChina（Chinesetranslation,Shanghai:KuoKwong,1934）；Han-ShengChen,LandlordandPeasantinChina（Shanghai:KellyandWalsh,1936）；ChungSenDepartmentofEducation,PapersonLandRentProblemsinChina（Shanghai:CommercialPress,1937）；Lin-HoKim,AStudyoftheEconomicsofChineseFarmingVillages（Shanghai:ChungWahBookStore,1937）；RichardH.Tawney,LandandLabourinChina（London:G.AllenandUnwin,1937）；InstituteofPacificRelations,AgrarianChina,SelectedSourceMaterialsfromChineseAuthors（Shanghai:KellyandWalsh,1938）；Quan-ChungYu,LandSystemsandRegulationsinChina（Szechwan:NationalSzechwanUniversity,1944）,vols.1and2；andthewritingsofYet-SenSun.