第12章 《佃農理論》英語原著 (6)

[12].Forgeneraldiscussionsofthesereforms,seeKlein,PatternofLandTenureReform;Froehlich,LandTenure;KennethH.Parsons,"LandReforminthePostwarEra,"LandEconomics（August,1957）；ErvinJ.Long,"TheEconomicBasisofLandReforminUnderdevelopedCountries,"LandEconomics（May,1961）；EliasH.Tuma,"TheAgrarian-BasedDevelopmentPolicyinLandReform,"LandEconomics（August,1963）；andDoreenWarriner,LandReformandEconomicDevelopment（Cairo:NationalBankofEgypt,1955）.Noneofthesediscussions,however,provideadequateinformationonpropertylawchangesasbasesoftheselandreforms.ForthesituationinJapan,whichisperhapsthemostplicated,seeR.P.Dore,LandReforminJapan（London:OxfordUniversityPress,1959）；TakekayuOgura,ed.,AgriculturalDevelopmentinModernJapan（Tokyo:JapanFAOAssociation,1963）；MinistryofAgricultureandForestry,AgriculturalLandReformLegislation（Tokyo,1949）；SupremeCommanderAlliedPowers,NaturalResourcesSectionReportno.79,FarmTenancyinJapan（Tokyo,1947）；andNaturalResourcesSectionReportno.127,JapaneseLandReformProgram（Tokyo,1950）.ForKorea,seeC.C.Mitchell,"LandReforminSouthKorea,"PacificAffairs,vol.22,no.2（June,1949）.ForthePhilippines,seeBull,"PhilippineLandReform."ForVietnam,seeJ.P.Gittinger."VietnameseLandTransferProgram,"LandEconomics（May,1957）.ForIran,seeB.H.Kristjanson,"TheAgrarian-BasedDevelopmentofIran,"LandEconomics（February,1960）；andV.WebsterJohnson,"AgricultureintheEconomicDevelopmentofIran,"LandEconomics（November,1960）.ForIraq,seeWarrenAdams,"ReflectionsofRecentLandReformExperienceinIraq,"LandEconomics（May,1963）；andM.H.HashimiRasoolandAlfredL.Edwards,"LandReforminIraq:EconomicandSocialImplications,"LandEconomics（February,1961）.NowhereintheliteratureonTaiwanlandreform,however,couldIfindanexplicitstatementthattheUnitedStateshadsponsoredthereform.ElsewhereUnitedStatessponsorshipisclear.See,forexample,J.P.Gittinger,"UnitedStatesPolicytowardAgrarianReforminUnderdevelopedNations,"LandEconomics（August,1961）.

C.ThePrereformLandLaw

Beforeproceedingtotheformaltheoryofsharetenancy,letusinvestigateherethenatureoffarmlandownershipinTaiwanbefore1949—thesystemuponwhichtherentalsharereductionwasimposedinthefirstphaseofthereform.[1]Weshallconcentrateonthelawsgoverningprivatefarmlands:atotalof672,000hectares,56percentofwhichwereundertenancy.[2]

Theterm"privateownership"asappliedtoChineselawimpliesexclusivityinusingcertainrights.[3]Theprimaryownershiprightattachedtoprivatefarmlandswastherighttofarm,whichmeant"theutilizationoflandthroughtheapplicationoflaborandcapital"（Article80）.[4]Thus,therighttofarmistherighttoproduceagriculturalproductsasasourceofine.[5]ThespatiallimitordimensionoftherightwasspecifiedbytheCivilCode,Arts.832and851,coveringsuperficies.Thetimelimitorthelengthofholding,accordingtothesamearticles,wasinperpetuity.

Turningtotheprovisionsgoverningthetransfersofrights,whichareimportanttotheunderstandingofresourceallocationundertenancy,weencounterasomewhatplexsetoflegalprovisionswhichcanbesimplifiedasfollows:

OutrightTransfers

Accordingtotheprereformlandlaw,landownershipwasnotfreelyalienable;thatis,theownercouldnottransfertheownershipofhislandtoanyonewhomhemightchoose.Butinpracticeownershiptransferwasalmostunrestricted.Itwasstipulatedthat"theownershipofprivatefarmlandshallbetransferredonlytosuchtransfereesascancultivatethelandthemselvesafterthetransferiseffected（Art.30）."[6]Butsinceatransfereewhocancultivatemaynotnecessarilydosohimself,thisstipulationineffecthadlittleornolegalrestrictiononoutrighttransfers.Anothernotablerestrictionwasthat,undertenancy,thetenanthadpreferentialrighttopurchase.Thetenant,however,wasrequiredtopay"thesametermsasareofferedtoanyotherperson."[7]Thisconditionvirtuallynullifiedthetenant'spreferentialrighttopurchase,sincetorealizethisrighthemustmeetthehighestoffermadebyanyoneelse.Indeed,thelandowner（lessor）mightcreateafictitiouslyhighpriceifhechosetoselldiscriminately.Toconclude,restrictionsonoutrighttransferswerenegligible.

MortgageandPerpetualLease

LandrightsotherthanownershipasprovidedbytheChinesecivilcodeincludemortgage,yungtien,anddien-allessentiallyrightsoftransferandnotfarmingrights.Thelasttwotermsrequireexplanation.

Byyungtienismeanttherightpermanentlytouseanotherperson'slandforthepurposeofcultivationorpasturingbypayingarenttherefor[CivilCode,Art.842]；theyungtien-holdermaytransferhisrighttoanotherperson[CivilCode,Art.843],buthemaynotsubleasethelandtoanotherperson[CivilCode,Art.845].

Inshort,yungtienisaconditionalperpetuallease,and"iftherentwhichtheyungtien-holderhasfailedtopayamountstotheequivalentoftwoyears'totalrent,thelandownermay……revoketheyungtien"（CivilCode,Art.846）.

Bydienismeanttherighttotakepossessionofanotherperson'simmovablepropertyandtouseittoenjoyinestherefrombypayingapriceforit[CivilCode,Art.911].Thedien-holdermaytransfertherighttodientoanotherperson[CivilCode,Art.917],orleasethepropertytoanotherpersonunderdien[CivilCode,Art.915].Ifthedien-6b\\gOYfailstoredeemitattheoriginalpricewithintwoyearsaftertheexpirationofthecontractualperiodofdien,thedien-ho\＆QYshallacquiretheownershipofthepropertyunderdien[CivilCode,Art.923].

Thus,dienisanarrangementfortransferringrightsresemblingmortgagingandleasing.

OrdinaryLease