第30章 《佃農理論》英語原著 (24)

[1].UndertheauspicesoftheUniversityofNanking,Buckdirectedaforty-manteaminthepilationoffarmingdatainChinaduring1929-36.Theoriginaldata,whichappeartohavepassedunnoticed,areavailableinJ.L.Buck,ed.,LandUtilizationinChina-Statistics-AStudyof16,786Farmsin168Localitiesand38,256FarmFamiliesinTwenty-twoProvincesinChina,1929-1933（Nanking:UniversityofNanking,1937）.Duringthepreparationofthisimpressivevolume,BuckwrotethenotedChineseFarmEconomy（1930）,andLandUtilizationinChina（1937）,bothofwhichhavebeendistributedbyTheUniversityofChicagoPress.However,Buck'searlierworksarealsoimportant:AnEconomicandSocialSurveyof102FarmsnearWuhu,Anhwei,China（Nanking,1923）；AnEconomicandSocialSurveyof150Farms,YehshanCounty,Hopei,China（Nanking,1926）；andFarmOwnershipandTenancyinChina（Shanghai:NationalChristianCouncil,1927）.

Surveysbyindependentwritersaside,otherorganizationswhichhavecon-ductedsurveysincludetheDepartmentofInternalAffairs,theRealEstateBureau,theNationalGovernmentStatisticsDepartment,theExecutiveYuan,andtheLegislativeYuan.Ihavefoundtheseindependentfindingsgenerallyconsistentwithoneanother.

[2].Thiscanbeconvenientlydemonstratedinfigure3,chapter2.Condition（a）isobtainedbyraisingq/h,andcondition（b）byloweringf/h.Ineithercase,ahighervalueof（q-f）hisdefined,resultinginahigherrentalpercentage.Notethattheseimplicationsapplytofixedandsharerentsalike.

[3].Buck,ChineseFarmEconomy,p.148.Nofurtherinformationisprovided.

[4].ChineseNationalGovernment,ShengchingRouteEconomicReport（1931）,p.102.

[5].SeeLegislativeYuan,StatisticalMonthly（1930）,2,5；andDepartmentofInternalAffairs,PublicReportsofInternalAffairs（1932）,2,1；5,1and2.

[6].Seetable4inchapter8ofthisstudy.InJapan,therentalsharerestrictionenactedin1946wasamaximumof25percentoftheyieldforpaddy,and15percentforuplandfields,reflectingarecognitionofthehigherrentalshareforpaddyfieldsunderfreemarketconditions.SeeMinistryofAgricultureandForestry,AgriculturalLandReformLegislation（Tokyo,1949）.

[7].Buck,ChineseFarmEconomy,p.149.Therentalsharesprovidedareaveragesofsamplefarmsineachlocality（elevenlocalitiesinChina,1921-25）,andthe66.6percentcitedispurelyincidental.Seetable2inibid.,p.148.

[8].TheseaveragesareputedfromChen,LandRentsofVariousProvincesinChina（Shanghai:CommercialPress,1936）,pp.102-3.

[9].Theseconditionscanlikewisebedemonstratedbymovingtheq/handflhcurvesinfigure3,chapter2accordingly.

[10].AndrewJ.Grajdanzev,ModernKorea（NewYork:InstituteofPacificRelations,1944）.Theaveragefarmsizesareputedfromdataintable2,p.291；andthelandpricesareseenintable5,p.292.

[11].SeeBuck,LandUtilizationinChina,table23,p.197.Withminordifferencesinmagnitude,identicalpatternsareseenintables7and8,pp.272-73.Notealsothatinibid.,p.197,ownerfarms（average4.22acres）arelargerthantenantfarms（average3.56acres）.Thisisbecausetenancyoccursmorefrequentlyonpaddyfieldsthanondrylandeverywhere.SeeSidneyKlein,ThePatternofLandReforminEastAsiaafterWorldWarII（NewYork:BookmanAssociates,1958）,p.229ff.SeealsoBuck,Statistics,chap.2,tables23and26；andchap.7.

[12].Buck,ChineseFarmEconomy,pp.156-57.Apparentlyfailingtoseethattherentalpercentageisavariabletoinsureefficientfarming,Buckproceededtodiscussaprogramof"fair"rent.

[13].Ibid.Buck'sfindingisfromasampleof2,542farmsinfifteenlocalities,sevenprovinces,China.Theslightlyhigheryieldsperacreintenantfarmsareperhapsduetoahigherproportionofpaddyfieldsundertenancy,whichBuckdidnotdiscern.Forsimilarevidence,seeBuck,FarmOwnershipandTenancyinChina.

[14].Bray,"FarmTenancyandProductivityinAgriculture:TheCaseoftheUnitedStates,"FoodResearchInstituteStudies（1963）,p.25.AlthoughBrayprovidednoformaltheoryofsharetenancy,thetraditionalargumentdidnotpasshisintuition:

Theresource-efficiencyargumentissomewhatacademic……Bothtenantandlandlordhaveanincentivetotrytoincreasethemarginalproductivityoftheirownresources……neitherwhollysucceeds……Forexample,alandlord'ssuggestionthatathirdcultivationofthecornwouldpay（atnocosttohim）maybemetwiththetenant'ssuggestionthatthelivingroomreallywouldbeimprovedbynewwall-paper（atnocosttohim）[ibid.,p.27].

ThelackofsignificantdifferenceinresourceuseamongdifferentleasesisalsonoticedbyWalterG.Miller,WalterE.Chryst,andHowardW.Ottoson,"RelativeEfficienciesofFarmTenureClassesinIntrafirmResourceAllocation,"ResearchBulletin461（IowaAgriculturalandHomeEconomicsExperimentStation,November,1958）,pp.321-37.EvidencefromtheUnitedStates,however,isnotheavilyusedinthisstudy.Thisisbecausevariousgovernmentfarmpolicieswhichresultindifferentconstraintsonpetitionmighthaveaffectedresourceuseunderdifferentcontractsindifferentways.

[15].TheseaveragesareputedfromdatainAndrewJ.Grajdanzev,"StatisticsofJapaneseAgriculture,"mimeographed（NewYork:InstituteofPacificRelations,1941）,table17,p.32.Thefindingsarebasedonaboutninety-fivesamplefarmsineachcategory.Thesamepatternisobservedif"able-bodiedman-units"areusedinsteadof"numberofmembersperfamily."ForevidencefromTaiwan,seechapter7ofthisstudy.